The Olmecs are generally considered to be the
ultimate ancestor of all subsequent
Mesoamerican civilizations. Thriving between
about 1200 and 400 BC, their base was the
tropical lowlands of south central Mexico, an
area characterized by swamps punctuated by low
hill ridges and volcanoes. Here the Olmecs
practiced advanced farming techniques and
constructed many permanent settlements. Their
influence, both cultural and political, extended
far beyond their boundaries; the exotic nature of
Olmec designs became synonymous with elite
status in other (predominantly highland) groups,
with evidence for exchange of artefacts in both
directions. Other than their art (see below), they
are credited with the foundations of writing
systems (the loosely defined Epi-Olmec period,
c. 500 BC), the first use of the zero – so
instrumental in the Maya long count vigesimal
calendrical system – and they also appear to have
been the originators of the famous
Mesoamerican ballgame so prevalent among later
cultures in the region.
The art form for which the Olmecs are best
known, the monumental stone heads weighing
up to forty tons, are generally believed to depict
kingly leaders or possibly ancestors. Other
symbols abound in their stylistic repertoire,
including several presumably religious symbols
such as the feathered serpent and the rain spirit,
which persisted in subsequent and related
cultures until the middle ages. Comparatively
little is known of their magico-religious world,
although the clues that we have are tantalising.
Technically, these include all non-secular items,
of which there is a fascinating array. The best-
known forms are jade and ceramic figures and
celts that depict men, animals and fantastical
beasts with both anthropomorphic and
zoomorphic characteristics. Their size and
general appearance suggests that they were
domestically- or institutionally-based totems or
divinities. The quality of production is
astonishing, particularly if one considers the
technology available, the early date of the pieces,
and the dearth of earlier works upon which the
Olmec sculptors could draw. Some pieces are
highly stylised, while others demonstrate striking
naturalism with deliberate expressionist
interpretation of some facial features (notably
up-turned mouths and slit eyes) that can be
clearly seen in the current figure.
Depicting a stylized face with an open-mouth
and narrow slit eyes, masks such as this were
probably never worn. Instead, they were likely
used as votive objects, serving a ritual purpose
within the society, and perhaps also an
apotropaic or funerary role. The open,
downturned mouth is one of the characteristic
motifs of the Olmec style. With enlarged upper
lip and an exposed row of upper teeth, this
specific design evokes the so-called were-
jaguar type so prevalent in Olmec art. The
narrow, almond-shaped eyes are another
characteristic aspect of this type, as is the cleft
head. The symbolism behind the were-jaguar
motif is debated with some scholars asserting
that it represents a shaman in the midst of
transmogrification, while other scholars doubting
any relation to the jaguar at all. Other notable
features of this mask include the engraved
“eyelids” above the squinting eyes, the large
drilled holes on the sides below the ears, as well
as the drilled holed and engraved arching lines
that define the ears.
- (SP.163)
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