The Olmecs are generally considered to be the
ultimate ancestors of all subsequent
Mesoamerican civilisations. Thriving between c.
1200 and 400 BC, their base was the tropical
lowlands of south central Mexico, an area
characterized by swamps punctuated by low hill
ridges and volcanoes. Here the Olmecs practiced
advanced farming techniques and constructed
many permanent settlements. Their influence,
both cultural and political, extended far beyond
their boundaries, and their ceramics enjoyed a
particularly wide distribution. The exotic nature
of Olmec designs became synonymous with elite
status in other (predominantly highland) groups,
with evidence for exchange of artefacts in both
directions. Other than their art, they are credited
with the foundations of writing systems (the
loosely defined Epi-Olmec period, c. 500 BC), the
first use of the zero – so instrumental in the
Maya long count vigesimal calendrical system –
and they also appear to have been the originators
of the famous Mesoamerican ballgame so
prevalent among later cultures in the region.
The art form for which the Olmecs are best
known, the monumental stone heads weighing
up to forty tons, are generally believed to depict
kingly leaders or possibly ancestors. Other
symbols abound in their stylistic repertoire,
including several presumably religious symbols
such as the feathered serpent and the rain spirit,
which persisted in subsequent and related
cultures until the middle ages. Comparatively
little is known of their magico-religious world,
although the clues that we have are tantalising.
Technically, these include all non-secular items,
of which there is a fascinating array. The best-
known forms are jade and ceramic figures and
celts that depict men, animals and fantastical
beasts with both anthropomorphic and
zoomorphic characteristics. Their size and
general appearance suggests that they were
domestically- or institutionally-based totems or
divinities. The quality of production is
astonishing, particularly if one considers the
technology available, the early date of the pieces,
and the dearth of earlier works upon which the
Olmec sculptors could draw. Some pieces are
highly stylised, while others demonstrate striking
naturalism with deliberate expressionist
interpretation of some facial features (notably
down-turned mouths and slit eyes) that can be
clearly seen in the current figure.
The world of the Olmec is so mysterious, so full
of myth and magic, that we are uncertain if this
powerful little statue of a man carrying a child
represents part of their cosmology or merely a
charming scene from daily life. The baby was a
prominent fixture in the Olmec religion
(frequently assuming supernatural
characteristics), and yet every thriving culture
recognizes the importance of the young for the
continuity of life. We should let the mystery
remain, and let the power of the sculpture affect
us differently every time we see it.
- (PF.0253)
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