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The Olmecs are generally considered to be the ultimate ancestor of
all subsequent Mesoamerican civilisations. Thriving between about
1200 and 400 BC, their base was the tropical lowlands of south
central Mexico, an area characterized by swamps punctuated by low
hill ridges and volcanoes. Here the Olmecs practiced advanced
farming techniques and constructed many permanent settlements.
Their influence, both cultural and political, extended far beyond their
boundaries; the exotic nature of Olmec designs became synonymous
with elite status in other (predominantly highland) groups, with
evidence for exchange of artefacts in both directions. Other than
their art (see below), they are credited with the foundations of
writing systems (the loosely defined Epi-Olmec period, c. 500 BC),
the first use of the zero – so instrumental in the Maya long count
vigesimal calendrical system – and they also appear to have been the
originators of the famous Mesoamerican ballgame so prevalent
among later cultures in the region.
The art form for which the Olmecs are best known, the monumental
stone heads weighing up to forty tons, are generally believed to
depict kingly leaders or possibly ancestors. Other symbols abound in
their stylistic repertoire, including several presumably religious
symbols such as the feathered serpent and the rain spirit, which
persisted in subsequent and related cultures until the middle ages.
Comparatively little is known of their magico-religious world,
although the clues that we have are tantalising. Technically, these
include all non- secular items, of which there is a fascinating array.
The best- known forms are jade and ceramic figures and celts that
depict men, animals and fantastical beasts with both
anthropomorphic and zoomorphic characteristics. Their size and
general appearance suggests that they were domestically- or
institutionally-based totems or divinities. The quality of production
is astonishing, particularly if one considers the technology available,
the early date of the pieces, and the dearth of earlier works upon
which the Olmec sculptors could draw. Some pieces are highly
stylised, while others demonstrate striking naturalism with deliberate
expressionist interpretation of some facial features (notably up-
turned mouths and slit eyes) that can be clearly seen in the current
maskette.
Simple of line, yet complex of spirit, this ancient
carved jade mask radiates an exuberant power
that leaps across the boundaries of both time
and space, sculpted in the tradition of Ancient
Olmec, we observe a pair of hypnotic eyes,
whose visions we cannot see but most certainly
can sense. Beneath these mesmerizing eyes,
flaring nostrils and a downward curling mouth
further enhance the dramatic nature of this
ancient face. Though carved of inanimate stone,
there is most certainly a life force within this
sculpted jade, a communicative power that
profoundly touches all who experience such a
potent work of Pre-Columbian sculptural art.
- (PF.2616)
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