The representation of Shiva's head in the middle
of this deity’s hair-dress, and his third eye (urna)
in the middle of his forehead, confirm this image
as that of Shiva in one of his major wrathful
avataras, Bhairava. Bhairava is an ancient Hindu
god, possibly even predating his Shiva’s
incarnation, a fearful destroyer who would take
pleasure in the destruction of various demons
and other evil beings. This spirit, whose name
literally means 'terrible', emanates from Shiva's
samhara-murti forms and both Hindus and
Buddhists (conceived in the form of Mahakala),
try to appease him. This large and impressive
head of Bhairava probably originally adorned an
entrance to a shrine, a familiar feature of Nepali
religious architecture. Most probably this face
was also designed to be used in processions.
His face is adorned with a crown with diadems,
snakes, skulls, strings of pearls; the central
diadem bearing an image (head) of Shiva. His two
large circular earrings are both depicting snakes
following the outline of the circle with their
heads raised towards the god. He is depicted
with flaming locks of hair, a large urna (sign of
illumination), a curly beard, a moustache, large
eyebrows, and a snake sliding around his neck
on top of his elaborate necklace. The worship of
serpents or snakes (nagas) has been prevalent in
Nepal from a very early time. These benevolent
deities are connected with Shiva, being part of
his
terrifying aspect and symbolize the cycles of
time.
Bhairava also features a small circular opening in
his full mouth, through which a pipe was
probably inserted to serve consecrated beer to
his devotees. Indeed, in the Newari culture of
Nepal, on certain festival days a mask of Bhairava
called hathwandya (“ beer-pour god”) is set up
and beer or spirits are poured from a tube
projecting from a hole in the mouth. Yet this
Dionysian type of festival is unique to the Newari
culture in Kathmandu.
The art of the Malla period reflects the stylistic
characteristics and artistic taste of the monarchs,
and can be considered a highlight in the art
history of Nepal. The high quality of the carving
and the lively imagination exemplify the skills of
the Newari masters during that period. Typical
elements are the pronounced and detailed
structure of the head, the shape of the tiara with
circular diadems decorated with lotus motifs and
jewelry, the shape of the earrings and necklace,
both decorated with the same motifs and pearls.
The importance of this impressive head is shown
by the consistency of high quality pronounced
carving. All details are captured within a strong
and simple conceptualization with the flaming
hair serving as a frame for the main shape.
Bhairava is portrayed with a round and lively
face, expressing an amazing power. His large
circular open eyes and smiling mouth are part of
his twofold manifestation; on one hand he is the
great destroyer expressing his terrifying aspects
needed in order to accomplish his task, on the
other hand he reveals an open and friendly
humanity as he feels compassion with his
devotees. The superbly carved features and the
directness of the expressive energies he radiates,
make this head of Bhairava among the finest
examples known.
